원인 물질 : smoking(m/i), 화학물질(aromatic amine (2-naphthylamine), Aniline dye) cyclophsophamide 장기간 투여, 방광주혈흡충 감염
병리 : transitional cell carcinonia가 가장 흔함
진단
증상 : 육안적/현미경적 혈뇨(m/c)
진단적 검사
요세포검사 (urine cytology)
영상진단 : IVP, US, CT
방광경검사(cystoscopy) : 가장 중요한 검사, 조직검사 시행하여 확진
병기(stage) : 방광암 진단 후 요도경유절제술(TURB)를 통해 방광암의 침범 깊이를 결정. 얄은암이면 더 이상 추가검사는 필요없으며, 침습암이면 원격전이 유무를 찾아야 함
Primary Tumor(T)
TX
Primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0
No evidence of primary tumor
Ta
Noninvasive papillary carcinoma
Tis
Carcinoma in situ: "flat tumor"
T1
Tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue
T2
Tumor invades muscularis propria
pT2a
Tumor invades superficial muscularis propria (inner half)
pT2b
Tumor invades deep muscularis propria (outer half)
T3
Tumor invades perivesical tissue
pT3a
Microscopically
pT3b
Macroscopically (extravesical mass)
T4
Tumor invades prostatic stroma, uterus, vagina
T4b
Tumor invades pelvic wall, abdominal wall
Regional Lymph Nodes(N)
Regional lymph nodes include both primary and secondary drainage regions. All other nodes above the aortic bifurcation are considered distant lymph nodes.
NX
Lymph nodes cannot be assessed
N0
No lymph node metastasis
N1
single regional lymph node metastasis in the true pelvis
(hypogastric, obturator, external iliac, or presacral lymph node)
N2
multiple regional lymph node metastasis in the true pelvis
(hypogastric, obturator, external iliac, or presacral lymph node metastasis)
N3
Lymph node metastasis to the common lilac lymph nodes
